Swimming training prevents coronary endothelial dysfunction in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats

Estrogen deficiency and hypertension are considered major risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease. On the other hand, exercise training is considered an effective form to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of swimming training (SW) on coronary vascular reactivity in female ovariectomized hypertensive rats are not known. We aimed to evaluate the effects of SW on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in ovariectomized hypertensive rats. Three-month old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n=50) were divided into four groups: sham (SH), sham plus swimming training (SSW), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized plus swimming training (OSW). The SW protocol (5 times/week, 60 min/day) was conducted for 8 weeks. The vasodilatory response was measured in isolated hearts in the absence and presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 100 µM). Cardiac oxidative stress was evaluated in situ by dihydroethidium fluorescence, while the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-2 and catalase) and their activities were assessed by western blotting and spectrophotometry, respectively. Vasodilation in SHR was significantly reduced by OVX, even in the presence of L-NAME, in conjunction with an increased oxidative stress. These effects were prevented by SW, and were associated with a decrease in oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) and catalase expression increased only in the OSW group. However, no significant difference was found in the activity of these enzymes. In conclusion, SW prevented the endothelial dysfunction in the coronary bed of ovariectomized SHR associated with an increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and therefore may prevent coronary heart disease in hypertensive postmenopausal women.

Anti-fatigue effect of arginyl fructosyl glucose from red ginseng in mice / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the anti-fatigue phenomenon induced by forced swimming in the mice,and to explore the anti-fatigue effect of argininyl fructoyl glucose (AFG) from red ginseng in the mice and its mechanism.Methods:The AFG was extracted from red ginseng.The ICR mice were divided into blank control group,low dose of AFG group (100 mg · kg-1),middle dose of AFG group (200 mg · kg-1) and high dose of AFG group (400 mg · kg-1) (n=20).The mice mere given a forced swimming test after continuous gavage for 28 d.The weights,organ indexes,time of forced swimming,contents of lactic acid (LD),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),hepatic glycogen (Gly) and expressing levels of PGC-1α in gastrocnemius of the mice in various groups were detected.Results:Compared with blank control group,the weights and organ indexes of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups had no significant differences (P＞ 0.05).Compared with blank control group,the time of forced swimming,contents of Gly and expressing levels of PGC-1α of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups were significantly increased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) in a dose-dependent manner.Compared with blank control group,The contents of LD and BUN in serum of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups were significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Conclusion:AFG has anti-fatigue effect in mice,and its mechanism may be related to energy metabolism.

Anti-fatigue effect of arginyl fructosyl glucose from red ginseng in mice / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the anti-fatigue phenomenon induced by forced swimming in the mice,and to explore the anti-fatigue effect of argininyl fructoyl glucose (AFG) from red ginseng in the mice and its mechanism.Methods:The AFG was extracted from red ginseng.The ICR mice were divided into blank control group,low dose of AFG group (100 mg · kg-1),middle dose of AFG group (200 mg · kg-1) and high dose of AFG group (400 mg · kg-1) (n=20).The mice mere given a forced swimming test after continuous gavage for 28 d.The weights,organ indexes,time of forced swimming,contents of lactic acid (LD),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),hepatic glycogen (Gly) and expressing levels of PGC-1α in gastrocnemius of the mice in various groups were detected.Results:Compared with blank control group,the weights and organ indexes of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups had no significant differences (P＞ 0.05).Compared with blank control group,the time of forced swimming,contents of Gly and expressing levels of PGC-1α of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups were significantly increased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) in a dose-dependent manner.Compared with blank control group,The contents of LD and BUN in serum of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups were significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Conclusion:AFG has anti-fatigue effect in mice,and its mechanism may be related to energy metabolism.

Swimming training attenuates oxidative damage and increases enzymatic but not non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the rat brain

Although it is well known that physical training ameliorates brain oxidative function after injuries by enhancing the levels of neurotrophic factors and oxidative status, there is little evidence addressing the influence of exercise training itself on brain oxidative damage and data is conflicting. This study investigated the effect of well-established swimming training protocol on lipid peroxidation and components of antioxidant system in the rat brain. Male Wistar rats were randomized into trained (5 days/week, 8 weeks, 30 min; n=8) and non-trained (n=7) groups. Forty-eight hours after the last session of exercise, animals were euthanized and the brain was collected for oxidative stress analysis. Swimming training decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels (P<0.05) and increased the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.05) with no effect on brain non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity, estimated by FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assay (P>0.05). Moreover, the swimming training promoted metabolic adaptations, such as increased maximal workload capacity (P<0.05) and maintenance of body weight. In this context, the reduced TBARS content and increased SOD antioxidant activity induced by 8 weeks of swimming training are key factors in promoting brain resistance. In conclusion, swimming training attenuated oxidative damage and increased enzymatic antioxidant but not non-enzymatic status in the rat brain.

Study of Exercise-induced Fatigue Rat Model Established by Different Periodical Swimming Training Based on Evaluation of Liver Function / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To study the influence of swimming training for different periods on rat liver function, and to evaluate the quality of exercise-induced fatigue rat model established by swimming training for different periods. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, namely blank group, and 7-, 14-, 21-and 28-day exercise groups, 8 rats in each group. Rats in the blank group were fed with normal diet, but were not given exercise training. The other groups were given exercise training for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively, two times a day, 15 minutes every time and with 10-minute resting interval between the two times. At the last day of the experiment, all rats were executed by neck dislocation for the sampling of blood and liver tissues, and then the serum contents of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. And the contents of total anti-oxidization capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), lactic acid (LA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose (Glu) in liver tissues were also examined. Results Compared with the blank group, the contents of ALT and AST were increased in 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day exercise groups, especially in 21-and 28-day exercise groups (P<0.01) . The contents of T-AOC and MDA were increased in 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day exercise groups (P<0.01), the effects on T-AOC in the 21-and 28-day exercise groups and on MDA in the 28-day exercise group being more obvious (P<0.05 or P<0.01) . The LA content and LDH activity were increased and the glycogen was decreased in the liver tissues of 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day exercise groups, and the increase of LA content in 21- and 28-day exercise groups and that of LDH activity in 28-day exercise groups were more significant ( P<0.05 or P<0.01). The hepatic glycogen content in 14-, 21-, and 28-day exercise groups were lower than that in the other groups (P<0.01). Conclusion With hepatic function injury in exercise-induced fatigue as the criteria, the exercise-induced fatigue rat model has been successfully established in this study, and the model established by swimming training for 21 and 28 days is more steady.

Physical training prevents body weight gain but does not modify adipose tissue gene expression

The relationship of body weight (BW) with white adipose tissue (WAT) mass and WAT gene expression pattern was investigated in mice submitted to physical training (PT). Adult male C57BL/6 mice were submitted to two 1.5-h daily swimming sessions (T, N = 18), 5 days/week for 4 weeks or maintained sedentary (S, N = 15). Citrate synthase activity increased significantly in the T group (P < 0.05). S mice had a substantial weight gain compared to T mice (4.06 ± 0.43 vs 0.38 ± 0.28 g, P < 0.01). WAT mass, adipocyte size, and the weights of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, lung, kidney, and adrenal gland were not different. Liver and heart were larger and the spleen was smaller in T compared to S mice (P < 0.05). Food intake was higher in T than S mice (4.7 ± 0.2 vs 4.0 ± 0.3 g/animal, P < 0.05) but oxygen consumption at rest did not differ between groups. T animals showed higher serum leptin concentration compared to S animals (6.37 ± 0.5 vs 3.11 ± 0.12 ng/mL). WAT gene expression pattern obtained by transcription factor adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1, fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme, hormone-sensitive lipase, adipocyte lipid binding protein, leptin, and adiponectin did not differ significantly between groups. Collectively, our results showed that PT prevents BW gain and maintains WAT mass due to an increase in food intake and unchanged resting metabolic rate. These responses are closely related to unchanged WAT gene expression patterns.

Exercise training attenuates acute hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of chronic (eight weeks) low-to moderate-intensity swimming training on thermal pain sensitivity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats. METHODS: Female Wistar rats (n = 51) were divided into the following groups: trained streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [hyperglycemic trained (HT)], sedentary streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [hyperglycemic sedentary (HS)], normoglycemic trained rats (NT) and normoglycemic sedentary rats (NS). Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.). One day after the last exercise protocol (60 min/day, five days/week for eight weeks) in the trained groups or after water stress exposure (ten min/twice a week) in the sedentary groups, the rats were subjected to a hot plate test. RESULTS: After eight weeks of swimming training, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats presented a significantly lower body mass (trained: 219.5±29 g, sedentary: 217.8±23 g) compared with the normoglycemic groups (trained: 271±24 g, sedentary: 275.7±32 g). Interestingly, we did not find differences in blood glucose levels (mg/dl) between the trained and sedentary groups of the hyperglycemic or normoglycemic rats (HT: 360.2±6.6, HS: 391.7±6.7, NT: 83.8±14.0, NS: 77.5±10.1). In the hot plate test, the rats from the HT group presented a significantly lower latency than the other rats (HT: 11.7±7.38 s, HS: 7.02±7.38 s, NT: 21.21±7.64 s, NS: 22.82±7.82 s). CONCLUSION: Low-to-moderate swimming training for a long duration reduces thermal hyperalgesia during a hot plate test in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats.

Efeitos do treinamento de força específico no desempenho de nadadores velocistas treinados com parachute / Specific muscular strength performance at swimmers sprinters trained with parachute / Especificaciones de rendimiento fuerza muscular en nadadores velocistas con paracaídas

OBJETIVO: verificar os efeitos do treinamento de força específico no desempenho de nadadores velocistas. METODOLOGIA: dois grupos de nadadores randomizados em treinados sem (TSP, n: 8) e com parachute (TCP, n: 12) foram submetidos a treinamento de 12 semanas (6 x semana; 1 sessão de 2 h/dia), sendo avaliados a força muscular (FMMI); a força específica (FE) e o tempo de sustentação de força (TSF); o número de braçadas em 50m (NB 50m); o tempo e a velocidade de nado em 15 (V 15m) e 50m (V 50m), antes e após o protocolo. RESULTADOS: após o programa de treinamento, não ocorreram modificações na FMMI e V 15m para ambos os grupos. Nas demais variáveis houve melhora significante (p < 0,05) no grupo TCP: FMMS (> 18 por cento); FE (> 30 por cento); TSF (> 35 por cento); NB 50m (< 23 por cento); V50 m (> 16 por cento). O grupo TSP apresentou melhora no TSF (> 9 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: o emprego do parachute foi eficiente em melhorar os parâmetros de força e no desempenho no teste de 50m.

AIM: this study was undertaken to evaluate the role of parachute on specific muscular strength performance at sprinters swimmers. METHODS: twenty sprinter swimmers were randomized in two groups: without (WP, n: 8) and MP: with (MP, n: 12) parachute. The swimmers trained 6 days per week for 12 weeks (1 x day; 2 h). The following performance tests were carried: specific strength (SS) and maintenance time of strength (MSS); swimming velocity in 15m (SV 15) as well as in 50m (SV 50) and stroke number at 50m (SN 50). RESULTS: after training program, there were not changes on SL and SV 15 for both groups. For all the other variables, were showed significant (p < 0,05) improvement to MP group: SS (> 30 percent); MSS (> 35 percent); SV 50 (> 16 percent); SN 50 (< 23 percent). The WP group only showed a significant improvement on MSS (> 9 percent). CONCLUSION: the parachute was efficient to improve specific muscular strength parameters as well as performance at 50m test at swimmers sprinters performance.

OBJETIVO: evaluar el papel de Paracaídas en el desempeño de los nadadores velocistas. METODOLOGÍA: nadadores velocista fueron aleatorizados en dos grupos (no parachute entrenado (TSP, n: 8) y entrenó con paracaídas (TCP, n: 12). El treinamiento fue equivalente para ambos grupos, formados por 12 semanas (6 x semana 1; 2 h/dia período de sesiones). Fueron avaliaciadas: la fuerza muscular (FMMI); en los estados desarrollados (FS) y la fuerza de mantenimiento específica máximo (TSF) durante la natación, el número de trazos en 50m (NB 50m), el tiempo y la velocidad de natación desarrollado en 15 (V 15m) y 50m (V 50m), respectivamente. RESULTADOS: después de que el programa de capacitación, no hubo cambios en FMMI y V 15m los grupos. En todas las demás variables en el ANOVA fue la mejoría significativa (p < 0,05) en TCP: FMMS (> 18 por ciento), Fe (> 30 por ciento), TSF (> 35 por ciento); NB 50m (< 23 por ciento); V 50m (> 16 por ciento). TSP mostró una mejoría en TSF (> 9 por ciento). CONCLUSIÓN: el uso de paracaídas fue eficaz en la mejora de los parámetros de fuerza específica el rendimiento en los 50m de los nadadores velocistas.

Esteróide anabolizante inibe a angiogênese induzida pelo treinamento físico de natação em músculo sóleo de ratos normotensos / Anabolic steroid impairs the angiogenesis induced by swimming training in soleus muscle of normotensive rats

Os esteróides anabolizantes androgênicos (EAA) são sintéticos de testosterona desenvolvidos para fins terapêuticos. São também utilizados por populações fisicamente ativas, que normalmente excedem nas doses, o que potencializa danos à saúde. Para estudar alguns dos efeitos de EAA sobre o sistema cardiovascular, ratos "Wistar" foram divididos em quatro grupos: sedentário controle (SC), sedentário anabolizado (SA), treinado controle (TC) e treinado anabolizado (TA). Foram avaliados os efeitos da associação do uso de EAA (Decanoato de nandrolona - 5 mg/kg sc, 2x/sem) e do treinamento físico de natação (TFN - 60 min/dia, 5x/sem, durante 10 sem) sobre o débito cardíaco (DC) e fluxo sanguíneo basal (DCbasal, Qbasal) e após infusão do vasodilatador acetilcolina (DC Ach, Q Ach) para observar a vasodilatação endotélio dependente (QAch), razão capilar/fibra (rc/f) e expressão do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) em músculo sóleo (predominância de fibras oxidativas). A testosterona plasmática aumentou nos grupos com uso de EAA e foi observada bradicardia de repouso como efeito do TFN. O DC foi menor para o Grupo TA, tanto na condição basal quanto sob infusão de Ach. O Qbasal não foi diferente entre os grupos no músculo estudado. O QAch foi maior no grupo TC, entretanto, no grupo TA este efeito benéfico do TFN foi prejudicado pela associação com o EAA. Aumento da rc/f e VEGF foi observado somente no grupo TC. Estes resultados sugerem que a associação do EAA ao TFN atenua a angiogênese e arteriogênese observadas como efeito do treinamento físico aeróbio e causa prejuízo ao fluxo sanguíneo muscular, o que poderia predispor o praticante de esportes e atividades físicas e usuário destas substâncias a problemas vasculares.

Androgenic anabolic steroids (EAA) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, used in therapeutic dosages in medical practice and in high doses by physically active people that could be health damaging. To study the effects of EAA on the cardiovascular system, Wistar rats were randomized into Sedentary Control (SC), Sedentary Steroid (SA), Trained Control (TC) and Trained Steroid (TA) groups. We evaluated the effects of swimming training (60min/day, 5x/week during 10 week) and AAS (nandrolone decanoate - 5 mg/kg sc, 2x/week) on cardiac output, basal blood flow (Qb, DC basal) and after injection of a vasodilator to observe the endothelium dependent vasodilatation (acetylcholine - Q Ach)(Q Ach, DC Ach), capillary to fiber ratio (r c/f) and vascular-endothelial growth factor expression (VEGF) in soleus muscle (oxidative fibers). Serum testosterone increased in SA and TA. Exercise training significantly decreased resting heart rate. Qb was not different among groups, and QAch was higher in TC group, however in TA group this beneficial effect of swimming exercise training was lost by association with EAA. Rc/f and VEGF were higher only in TC group. These results suggest that swimming training associated with EAA inhibit angiogenesis and arteriogenesis observed as effects of aerobic training, and impairs the red skeletal muscle blood flow which predispose physically active AAS users to vascular diseases.

Níveis comparativos de estresse oxidativo em camundongos em duas situações do limite orgânico: overreaching induzido por treinamento de natação e câncer / Comparative oxidative stress levels in mice submitted to two situations of organic limit: overreaching induced by swimming training and cancer

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar concentrações de estresse oxidativo em camundongos da linhagem Balb-C submetidos a duas condições severas de alterações orgânicas: treinamento exaustivo de natação (overreaching - grupo OVER; n = 10) e inoculação por tumor ascítico de Ehrlich (grupo TAE; n = 10). A proposta foi analisar como as duas situações comprometiam o equilíbrio entre os sistemas oxidantes e antioxidantes. Foram investigados alguns marcadores de estresse oxidativo, tais como as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e concentrações da atividade da enzima antioxidante catalase (CAT) no hemolisado. Como marcadores de lesão celular, quantificaram-se concentrações plasmáticas das enzimas creatina quinase (CK) e aspartato transferase (AST); complementado; também se observaram padrões de alterações fisiológicas por meio da quantificação plasmática de creatinina e uréia. Como resultados mais importantes, pôde-se observar que, nas duas situações de limite orgânico, seja por exercício exaustivo (OVER) ou pela inoculação de TAE, houve queda abrupta na concentração da enzima CAT (decréscimos de 30 por cento; p < 0,01 e 72 por cento; p < 0,001, respectivamente, comparando-se com o grupo treinado - T). Quanto à concentração de peroxidação lipídica (TBARS), detectaram-se aumentos significativos para os grupos OVER e TAE em relação ao grupo T (52 por cento, p < 0,01; 90 por cento, p < 0,001, respectivamente). Níveis liberados de CK foram mais proeminentes no grupo OVER, enquanto que a quantidade de AST no plasma foi mais elevada no grupo TAE. Chegou-se à conclusão de que os organismos estudados possuem um mesmo perfil de estresse oxidativo em situações limites que envolvem exercício físico e doença. Tais resultados permitirão profissionais envolvidos com elaboração das cargas de treinamento físico a se preocuparem com os períodos recuperativos, o que impede a instalação do quadro de overreaching, o qual se mostrou tão severo...

The aim of this study was to compare oxidative stress levels in mice (Balb-C) submitted to two severe organic conditions: exhaustive swimming training (overreaching - OVER group; n = 10) and inoculation of the Ehrlich's Ascitic Tumor (EAT group; n = 10). Lipid peroxidation, quantified by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and levels of antioxidant enzyme (catalase- CAT) were used as indicators of oxidative stress. Muscle damage levels were measured through plasma creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST) as well as blood creatinine and urea activities samples. As main results, it has been observed that in both situations, whether by exhaustive exercise (OVER) or inoculation of EAT, dramatic decrease in the catalase activity levels was present when compared with the training group (T) (30 percent; p < 0.01 and 72 percent; p < 0.001, respectively) with concomitant increase in plasma TBARS concentration (52 percent; p < 0.01 and 90 percent p < 0.001, respectively). Plasma CK levels were more prominent in the OVER group, while the amount of AST plasma was higher in the EAT group. We concluded that the same profile of oxidative stress was found in situations involving exhaustive exercise and pathology. These results will allow professionals involved with load training manipulation to be concerned with the rest periods, preventing hence the installation of overreaching, which in terms of oxidative stress, was as severe as a pathological conditions.

Swimming training down-regulates plasma leptin levels, but not adipose tissue ob mRNA expression

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of endurance training on leptin levels and adipose tissue gene expression and their association with insulin, body composition and energy intake. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: trained (N = 18) and sedentary controls (N = 20). The trained group underwent swimming training for 9 weeks. Leptin and insulin levels, adiposity and leptin gene expression in epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue were determined after training. There were no differences in energy intake between groups. Trained rats had a decreased final body weight (-10 percent), relative and total body fat (-36 and -55 percent, respectively) and insulin levels (-55 percent) compared with controls (P < 0.05). Although trained animals showed 56 percent lower leptin levels (2.58 ± 1.05 vs 5.89 ± 2.89 ng/mL in control; P < 0.05), no difference in leptin gene expression in either fat depot was demonstrable between groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that lower leptin levels in trained rats were due primarily to their lower body fat mass. After adjustment for total body fat, leptin levels were still 20 percent (P < 0.05) lower in exercised rats. In conclusion, nine weeks of swimming training did not affect leptin gene expression, but did lead to a decrease in leptin levels that was independent of changes in body fat.

Histomorphometric analysis of the response of rat skeletal muscle to swimming, immobilization and rehabilitation

The objective of the present study was to determine to what extent, if any, swimming training applied before immobilization in a cast interferes with the rehabilitation process in rat muscles. Female Wistar rats, mean weight 260.52 ± 16.26 g, were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each: control, 6 weeks under baseline conditions; trained, swimming training for 6 weeks; trained-immobilized, swimming training for 6 weeks and then immobilized for 1 week; trained-immobilized-rehabilitated, swimming training for 6 weeks, immobilized for 1 week and then remobilized with swimming for 2 weeks. The animals were then sacrificed and the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles were dissected, frozen in liquid nitrogen and processed histochemically (H&E and mATPase). Data were analyzed statistically by the mixed effects linear model (P < 0.05). Cytoarchitectural changes such as degenerative characteristics in the immobilized group and regenerative characteristics such as centralized nucleus, fiber size variation and cell fragmentation in the groups submitted to swimming were more significant in the soleus muscle. The diameters of the lesser soleus type 1 and type 2A fibers were significantly reduced in the trained-immobilized group compared to the trained group (P < 0.001). In the tibialis anterior, there was an increase in the number of type 2B fibers and a reduction in type 2A fibers when trained-immobilized rats were compared to trained rats (P < 0.001). In trained-immobilized-rehabilitated rats, there was a reduction in type 2B fibers and an increase in type 2A fibers compared to trained-immobilized rats (P < 0.009). We concluded that swimming training did not minimize the deleterious effects of immobilization on the muscles studied and that remobilization did not favor tissue re-adaptation.

Swimming training facilitate the improvement of microcirculations in cochlea after chronic hypoxia with ligustrazine in guinea pigs / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo explore the effect of the swimming training on the microcirculations in cochlea in guinea pigs after chronic hypoxia.Methods28 guinea pigs were divided into normal control group (group A) which were outside of cabin and chronic hypoxia model group (group B) randomly. 4 weeks after, the model group were divided into the model control group (group B1), medical treatment group (group B2) and swimming training with medical treatment group (group B3). The blood flow of the cochlea (CBF) were measured using laser Doppler flow. The spiral ligament spreaded-slice optical lens was used to observe the vascular veins, capillary appearance and red blood cells (RBC) counts.Resultsthe CBF of group A was(98.075±5.08)% ,while that of group B1 was(86.80±2.12)%(P<0.01 vs group A), that of group B2 was (89.14±4.12)%(P<0.05 vs group B1), that of group B3 was (91.18±5.02)%(P>0.05 vs group B2, but P<0.01 vs group B1).ConclusionSwimming training can facilitate the improvement of the swelling on the thin blood vessel and the microcirculation in cochlea under chronic hypoxia environment with ligustrazine in guinea pigs.

The Experimental Study of the Effects of Different Swimming Load Training on Rat Brain Morphology / 中国运动医学杂志

Under the different load of training stimulating, the changes in center nervous system of rat were observed.This experimental training intensities included normal -load and over-load using a swimming pool with circular water flow in order to investigate the effects on the neuron size and the density of dendritic spine of the large pyramidal cells in layer Ⅴ in motor areas of cerebral cortex.This study lead to the following conclusions:the size of nucleus and nucleolus and the density of spines of apical dendrites, insidal dendrites and basal dendrites of large pyramidal cells in layer Ⅴ in motor areas of cerebral cortex of normal-load and over-load group were higher than those of control group.It improve the capacity of brain in information processing.

The Effects of Swimming Training on Lymphocyte Proliferation and ROS Production in Spleen Lymphocytes of BALB/c Mice

BACKGROUND: Aerobic training can be defined as any physical exercise that increases the heart rate and enhances the body's intake of oxygen long enough to benefit the condition of body. Running, cycling, and swimming are examples of aerobic activities. This type of exercise optimises immune functions. Recently several experimental findings suggested that the regular swimming training increase immune response, but there have been very few reports which compare warm water exercise with cold water exercise in spleen lymphocytes. METHODS: This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swimming training on Index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by splenocytes in BALB/c mice. Thirty six mice (6 week old) were performed 10 weeks of regular swimming training and they were divided into 6 groups according to the regular swimming training (CRG: control resting group, CEG: control exercise group, WRG: warm water trained resting group, WEG: warm water trained exercise group, CORG: cold water trained resting group, COEG: cold water exercise group). Analytical items were weight change, spleen index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of ROS. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using SPSS package program (ver. 10.0). RESULTS: The swimming training significantly decreased body weight, and increased spleen index, the number of lymphocytes and proliferative activity in the presence or absence of Con A and LPS added conditions. For the WRG and CORG, the quantity of ROS from splenocytes was higher than CRG, whereas, ROS by spleen lymphocytes was lower following 90 min acute exercise stress. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the swimming training not only increases the number of lymphocytes but also increases proliferative activity by splenocytes in vitro.

Effect of the Swimming Training and Tertram Ethylplyrazine on the Microcirculation in Cochlea of Guinea Pigs After Chronic Hypoxia / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To explore the effect of swimming training on the microcirculations of cochlea in guinea pigs with tertram ethylpyrazine(TMP) treatment after chronic hypoxia.Methods 28 guinea pigs were divided into normal control group outside of cabin (A) and chronic hypoxia model group (B). After four weeks the model group were divided into the model control group (B 1),TMP treatment group (B 2),swimming training group(B 3) and swimming training with TMP treatment group (B 4).Until the given time,LDF was used to investigate the blood flow of every guinea pig's cochlea.The spiral ligament spreaded-slice optical lens was used to observe guinea pig's vascular veins, capillary appearance and RBC counts.Results There was significant difference in cochlear blood flow(CBF) and RBC counts between B 2,B 4 groups and B 1 group.CBF and RBC counts of B 3 group was improved comparing with B 1 gorup,so did that of B 4 group comparing with B 2.But no significant difference was found.Conclusion Swimming training can relieve the swelling on the thin blood vessel and improve the effect of TMP on the microcirculation in cochlea of guinea pigs under chronic hypoxia environment.

Spa Therapy for Bronchial Asthma / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Clinical effect and action of spa therapy on bronchial asthma were discussed in relation to the action mechanisms.<br>1. General spa therapy including swimming training in a hot spring pool, fango therapy and inhalation therapy with iodine salt solution was effective in patients with bronchial asthma.<br>2. The improvement of ventilatory function, especially in small airways was observed as direct action of spa therapy, accompanied with decrease in resistance of the airways and bronchial hypersensitivity. The function of adrenocortical glands and cardiovascular system was also improved or enhanced by indirect action of spa therapy.<br>3. Spa therapy was more effective and more valuable in cases with steroid-dependent intractable asthma, cases with Ib. bronchoconstriction+hypersecretion type and II. bronchiolar obstrction type and cases over 41 years of age.<br>4. Clinical effects of spa therapy on bronchial asthma was also found for longer than one year as distant effect, which was more predominant in cases with maintenance therapy.

Effects of exposure to simulated high altitude on red-cell 2,3-DPG, salivary cortisol and plasma testosterone levels during training in female swimmers / 体力科学

Thirteen female swimmers (ranging in age from 15 to 18 years) were selected as subjects and divided into two groups; group A (subjects of experiment) consisted of six subjects in whom low pressure was loaded and group B (subjects of control) consisted of seven in whom low pressure was not given.<BR>During training, circuit weight training was performed in a low pressure environment and it was combined with conventional swimming training. We studied the effect of these types of training on their red-cell 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, salivary cortisol, and plasma testosterone.<BR>(1) The 2, 3-DPG level showed a greater increase after loading exercise than at the time of resting in both groups A and B. The increase was highly significant in group A. Additionally, 10 days after the removal of the loading, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were significantly decreased in groups A and B, and a significant increase in 2, 3-DPG was observed in group A.<BR>(2) Only after loading low pressure was the cortisol level higher in group A than in group B. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the amount of exercise loading when heart rate was used as the index.<BR>(3) Testosterone tended to show a greater increase after exercise loading than on the first day of the experiment. However, neither an effect of exposure to low pressure on testosterone nor a significant difference between the two groups was observed.<BR>According to the results, in swimming, an endurance contest, physical changes during training are almost the same in group A and B, but it is considered that a concurrent severe hypoxic condition as a result of low pressure loading brings about homeostasis in the living body and the homeostasis leads to an attempt to increase oxygen uptake by the tissues, yeilding increased staying power.

EFFECTS OF SWIMMING TRAINING ON SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS IN MICE / 中国运动医学杂志

After mice swam for one to three weeks, the splenic mononuclear cells (MNC)were measured by flow cytometry. The data showed that the trained mice MNCnumber decreased (trained group: 36.6? 16.6?10~6/spleen; control group: 62.4?21.6?10~6/spleen, P